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【寻味中华】老北京涮羊肉：一锅清汤涮百年******
中新社北京2月2日电 题：老北京涮羊肉：一锅清汤涮百年
中新社记者 陈杭 杜燕
一锅热气腾腾的老北京涮羊肉，堪称京城冬日最暖的陪伴。
涮羊肉又称羊肉火锅，一般认为始于元代，兴于清代。清末学者徐凌霄在《旧都百话》中将这种“羊肉锅子”的吃法归于北方游牧遗风进化而来。
与汤底红亮、麻辣鲜香的川渝火锅不同，作为北派火锅的代表，老北京涮羊肉主打清汤火锅。“清汤火锅不是一锅白开水，里边有海米、葱花、姜片、口蘑汤等底料。”国家级非遗技艺第四代传承人陈立新告诉记者，清汤火锅有两个特点，一是能吃到羊肉的本来滋味，二是不遮丑，羊肉有问题一口就能吃出来。
图为东来顺铜锅涮肉。陈杭摄越是简单的汤底，越考验羊肉的选材。据陈立新介绍，正宗老北京涮羊肉多选用内蒙古羊，“只选用羊上脑、大三叉、小三叉、黄瓜条与磨裆5个部位，占整羊净肉的四成左右”。
“黄瓜条”指羊后腿的大腿内侧部分，因形如两条相连的黄瓜而得名。北京民俗专家翟鸿起在《老饕说吃》中曾提到，他与老友去饭店吃涮肉时点了一盘“黄瓜条”，没想到却端上来一盘真黄瓜，翟老无奈感叹如今许多餐厅都是机器切卷，“谁还剔那肉去？更甭说黄瓜条了”。
开业于1854年的正阳楼饭庄可谓北京早年间最著名的“羊肉名家”，据清代《旧京琐记》记载，“肉市之正阳楼，以善切羊肉名。片薄如纸，无一不完整”。“后来居上”的东来顺始建于1903年，据说曾重金从正阳楼饭庄“挖”来一位刀功精湛的名厨，帮工传艺。
陈立新1971年进入东来顺做学徒，手切羊肉的功夫已有50余年。“左手控制肉片薄厚，右手握刀，横断丝，切出来的肉片纤维短，厚0.9毫米，入锅后一涮即熟，入口即化。”陈立新说，“手切羊肉还要求上下垂直，前后走直线，保证肉片薄厚均匀、排列整齐，每片长15厘米、宽3.3厘米，放在青花瓷盘上隐约可见盘底花纹。”
图为东来顺铜锅涮肉菜品。陈杭摄涮羊肉“一菜成席”，调料必不可少。以麻酱、酱油为主，韭菜花、酱豆腐为辅，虾油、料酒少许，辣椒油可自行添加，配腌好的糖蒜解腻。
羊肉吃到六分饱，辅料登场。作为涮羊肉的好搭档，冻豆腐吸满汤汁和羊肉的鲜香，大白菜烫后清香爽口、解腻增食，配上刚出炉的混着芝麻香的烧饼，舀上一小碗汩汩翻滚的羊汤，一口吞下整个冬季的温暖。
提到八岁时第一次吃涮羊肉的场景，北京市民贾先生印象深刻，“那时冬季物资不丰富，吃涮羊肉还是很奢侈的”，与亲人围坐铜锅旁，看着服务员添加了高高的烟囱，碳烧得通红，一个人就吃了三盘涮羊肉，味道鲜美至极。工作后，贾先生总是在国庆或春节期间约朋友吃一顿涮羊肉，热乎喜庆的气氛就像除夕一样。
一锅清汤涮百年。面对日新月异的市场环境，承载情感与味觉记忆的老字号既要留住“老味道”，亦不断向年轻人靠拢。“东来顺打造全新IP形象，发布了由‘来来羊’‘铜锅爷爷’和‘糖蒜狗’组成的‘馋嘴家族’。”东来顺集团副总经理董锴介绍说，在传统火锅堂食基础上，东来顺开发了肉片、肉串、熟食、面点等预包装产品，进入商超、市场、电商平台等，让老字号产品真正走向寻常百姓家。(完)
中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾****** 中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。  资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。 麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。 一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。 此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。 作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。 美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。 这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。 从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。 两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。  House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy (ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy". The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader. Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party. On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration. On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses. Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees. As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives. But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker. CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful. This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally. Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits. From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public. Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world. The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle. 
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